American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 112
Tech Trends 2012
One of the key goals of geophysical analysis is to identify
"sweet spots" and understand how to best exploit them with the
drill bit. However, it did not take long in shale plays to realize
that sweet spots differed radically between conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In conventional geologic settings, sweet
spots are defined by pay quality, traps and sealing mechanisms.
The primary value-adding role of seismic imaging in conventional fields is in the exploration phase, or finding reservoir targets
and delineating the best locations to drill them. Finding and drilling
cost tends to be the largest component of total well cost.
In unconventional plays, however, the sweet spot is defined by
fracture orientation and the degree of fracture intensity within a
dense, ultralow permeability shale or tight sand. In these plays,
the key issue is not finding reservoir targets, but understanding how
to design drilling plans to intersect natural fractures at optimal points
within the formation, and aid in completion and stimulation strategies to maximize the stimulated reservoir volume (natural fractures plus hydraulically induced fractures). Completion cost usually represents the largest percentage of total well cost in unconventional reservoirs. In the Eagle Ford Shale, for instance, frac costs
are estimated between $3 million and $5 million a well, accounting for 60 percent or more of total well cost.
In a practical sense, the reservoir is "created" in unconventional plays by enhancing pathways for production, which means geophysics is focused on imaging extremely subtle features within
the rock matrix that act as controls on production. This key difference has led to innovations in applying seismic technology to
FIGURE 1
P-P and P-SV Arrival Times and Reflectivity
0
40
Azimuth (degrees)
80
120
160
1.0
Time (s)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Time (s)
2.0
2.2
2.4
Azimuth-dependent P-P arrival time and reflectivity from fractured
carbonate targets A and B are shown in the top panel, while the
bottom panel shows azimuth-dependent P-SV arrival time and reflectivity from the same targets. P-P reflectivity changes little with
azimuth, but P-SV reflectivity varies significantly.
112 THE AMERICAN OIL & GAS REPORTER
define drilling and completion strategies in unconventional
plays. For example, the required level of imaging detail has driven the uptake of high-resolution, high-channel count land 3-D surveys, while the need to assess the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing treatments has made real-time microseismic imaging a routine tool. Interestingly, these innovations are delivering benefits
already in conventional settings as well.
Shear Waves
Success in shale plays comes down to how well natural fractures can be identified. Consequently, there is great value in any
technology that helps recognize the presence of fractures, determine their azimuth orientation, and provide a means to categorize areas with high or low fracturing intensity.
Multicomponent seismic technology is one such technology.
Seismic sources generate three fundamental wave modes: compressional (P), shear horizontal (SH) and shear vertical (SV). Historically, the industry has focused almost exclusively on P and
largely ignored shear. Yet, it is well established by laboratory measurements and case histories that shear waves are far more sensitive to the presence of fractures than P waves.
Seismic waves can be thought of in terms of how each wave
mode displaces the earth as it propagates through bulk layers. To
put it simply, a P wave senses the earth's fabric in a vertical direction, whereas shear energy senses the fabric of the earth in a
horizontal direction. When a shear wave encounters fractures,
which are more vertical than they are horizontal (intersecting fractures is a key reason wells are drilled horizontally perpendicular to frac systems rather than vertically in the same direction),
it reacts to the presence of the fracture far more than does a compressional wave. Consequently, because S waves primarily
sense horizontally, shear energy is better at detecting natural fractures and reacting to their properties.
If structure is the only concern, as is the case in many conventional carbonate oil fields, operators can get by with only P-wave
analysis. But for a well that is a stratigraphic trap, one must understand lateral changes in rock properties, which are independent of the structure. Elastic wave field seismic stratigraphy applies exactly the same interpretation principles to two sets of data-P
and S wave responses-and the resulting integrated analysis provides a better definition of the rock distribution, facies distribution, depositional environment, etc.
Shear waves are a little more challenging to acquire and process
than are P waves, but the fact that they react differently to vertical fractures underscores the importance of multicomponent seismology in unconventional settings. Companies are beginning to
find that reservoir characterizations are more accurate in conventional reservoirs when both P and S waves are interpreted, regardless of the type of rock system.
Fracture Intensity
Fracture intensity is critically important in unconventional plays
for both short-term initial productivity and longer-term reserves recovery. It is almost always better to drill in an area where
fractures are more numerous and spaced more closely. Shear waves
are able to distinguish areas of high fracture intensity. When a
shear wave illuminates a fracture interval, it splits into two "daughter" modes: fast and slow (unlike a P wave, which does not split).
The particle displacement vector of the fast shear mode is ori-
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012
The American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012
Contents
Reports
Calendar
Oil & Gas Counts
State Legislative
Industry Digest
Tech Connections
Washington Watch
Federal Legislation
EPA
Gulf of Mexico
Resource Plays Providing Wealth of Opportunities
Tight Plays Poised to Transform U.S. Crude Supply
El Paso Project Optimizes Eagle Ford Completion Design
Real-Time Forward Modeling Improves Bakken Horizontals
Cover Story
Financial Firms Expand Oil and Gas Divisions
Multicomponent 3-D Poised for Growth in Shale Plays
Cloud Computing Driving Business Step Changes
Advanced Attributes Improve 3-D Interpretation
3-D Data Improve Knowledge of Shale Heterogeneity
HBUR RSS Solves Granite Wash Drilling Challenges
Technologies Improve Production Consistency in Resource Plays
SaaS Helps Operator Streamline Data Management
Automation Enhances Operations in Challenging Applications
Dispersant Chemistry Combats Plugging in Low-Gravity Oil Wells
New Technologies Optimize Production
PIOGA
Drilling Regs
IOGAWV
The Presidential Papers
Energy Education
Conventions
Shale Gas
New Lits & Products
Computer Currents
Industry Focus
Classified Advertising
Advertisers Index
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - The American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 2
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 3
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 4
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Reports
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 7
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 8
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 9
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Calendar
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 11
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 12
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 13
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Oil & Gas Counts
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 15
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Industry Digest
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 17
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 18
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 19
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 20
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 21
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 22
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 23
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 24
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Tech Connections
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 26
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Washington Watch
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Federal Legislation
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 29
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 30
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 31
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 32
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 33
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 34
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 35
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - EPA
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 37
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 38
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 39
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 40
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 41
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Gulf of Mexico
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 43
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 44
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 45
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 46
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 47
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Resource Plays Providing Wealth of Opportunities
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 49
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 50
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 51
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 52
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 53
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 54
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 55
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 56
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 57
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 58
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 59
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 60
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 61
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Tight Plays Poised to Transform U.S. Crude Supply
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 63
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 64
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 65
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 66
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 67
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 68
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 69
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 70
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 71
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 72
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 73
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 74
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 75
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 76
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - El Paso Project Optimizes Eagle Ford Completion Design
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 78
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 79
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 80
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 81
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 82
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 83
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 84
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 85
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 86
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Real-Time Forward Modeling Improves Bakken Horizontals
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 88
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 89
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 90
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 91
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 92
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 93
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Cover Story
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 95
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 96
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 97
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 98
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 99
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 100
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 101
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 102
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Financial Firms Expand Oil and Gas Divisions
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 104
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 105
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 106
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 107
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 108
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 109
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Multicomponent 3-D Poised for Growth in Shale Plays
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 111
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 112
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 113
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 114
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 115
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 116
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 117
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 118
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Cloud Computing Driving Business Step Changes
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 120
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 121
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 122
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 123
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 124
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 125
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Advanced Attributes Improve 3-D Interpretation
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 127
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 128
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 129
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 130
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 131
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 132
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 133
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 134
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 3-D Data Improve Knowledge of Shale Heterogeneity
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 136
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 137
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 138
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 139
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 140
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 141
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 142
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - HBUR RSS Solves Granite Wash Drilling Challenges
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 144
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 145
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 146
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 147
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 148
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 149
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 150
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Technologies Improve Production Consistency in Resource Plays
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 152
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 153
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 154
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 155
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 156
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 157
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 158
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 159
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 160
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - SaaS Helps Operator Streamline Data Management
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 162
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 163
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 164
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 165
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Automation Enhances Operations in Challenging Applications
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 167
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 168
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 169
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 170
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 171
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 172
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 173
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 174
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 175
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 176
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Dispersant Chemistry Combats Plugging in Low-Gravity Oil Wells
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 178
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 179
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 180
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 181
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - New Technologies Optimize Production
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 183
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 184
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 185
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 186
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 187
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American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 190
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 191
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 192
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 193
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - PIOGA
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 195
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 196
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 197
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Drilling Regs
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 199
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - IOGAWV
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 201
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 202
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 203
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 204
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 205
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 206
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 207
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - The Presidential Papers
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 209
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 210
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 211
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 212
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American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 245
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 246
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 247
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 248
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Energy Education
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Conventions
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 251
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Shale Gas
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 253
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 254
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 255
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 256
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 257
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 258
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 259
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - New Lits & Products
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 261
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Computer Currents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 263
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Industry Focus
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 265
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 266
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 267
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 268
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 269
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 270
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 271
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 272
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Classified Advertising
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - Advertisers Index
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 275
American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2012 - 276
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