American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2015 - 78

SpecialReport: Refrac Facts
and then checks for similarities with the
12 major shale plays. It then ranks and
guides development strategies according
to what has been learned from previous
developments.
Figure 1 demonstrates seven key characteristics of the 12 shale plays (TOC,
thermal maturity, total porosity, net thickness, adsorbed gas, gas content, and
depth), with the results normalized to the
highest values for each parameter. As an
example, since the Fayetteville has the
highest maturity, the thermal maturity
values of the other shale plays have been
normalized to its maturity value as a base
reference.

FIGURE 1
Spider Diagram of Normalized Shale Play Characteristics
TOC

RO

Depth

Barnett
Ohio
Antrim
New Albany
Lewis
Fayetteville
Haynesville Gas

Total Porosity

Content

Eagle Ford
Woodford
Bakken
Horn River

Net Thickness

Adsorbed Gas

input values and locating the benchmark
plays that meet those values).
The knowledge base contains data on
shale play characteristics and strategies.
Relationships are identified in a dataset
in the form of spider plot, and similarities
are measured based on prioritized shale
parameters. A series of clusters is generated based on those relationships, with
points grouped on the spider plot to illustrate the relationships identified by
the algorithm. Future development approaches are recommended, based on the
likelihood of similarity to characteristics
of plays in the database. The algorithm

iterates through this process until it cannot
further improve the results by redefining
the clusters, and recommended completion
strategies are generated.
For each stored shale play's range of
characteristics, the expert system checks
the input reservoir parameters and recommends the most appropriate shale to
be used for field development. Reservoir
input parameters such as TOC, Ro, etc.,
are processed through the expert system
to check the number of applicable plays
to be listed as a recommended benchmark.
The process first assesses maturity,

FIGURE 2A
Wolfcamp Thickness Clustering Comparison

FIGURE 2B
Wolfcamp TOC Clustering Comparison

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Wolfcamp Case Study
As a test case, the properties of a
Wolfcamp Shale reservoir in the Permian
Basin were input into the expert system
and compared with the characteristics of
the major shale plays in the database.
The specific Wolfcamp properties input
into the algorithm included:
* TOC of 2.3 wt. %;
* Total porosity of 2-10 percent;
* Ro of 0.96 percent;
* Permeability of 10:3,000 nanodarcies;
* Net reservoir thickness of 1,400
feet;
* Depth of 9,100-11,500 feet;
* Mineralogy consisting of 61 percent
quartz and feldspar, 30 percent clay, 1
percent pyrite and 6 percent carbonate;
and
* Young's modulus of 4:6 (or 4 E+6)

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78 THE AMERICAN OIL & GAS REPORTER

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American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2015

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2015

Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2015 - Cover1
American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2015 - Cover2
American Oil and Gas Reporter - April 2015 - Contents
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