American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2015 - 65

SpecialReport: Horizontal & Innovative Drilling
(60-70/85-90). This second orthogonal lineament orientation is parallel to surface attribute features in interpreted relay ramp
structures. This suggests that within these
features, a low stress bias and/or an orthogonal northwest-to-southeast joint set allows
for complex fracture growth.
The observed secondary source mechanism may yield additional insight into
these features, perhaps confirming the existence of an open and conductive joint set
with the 60-70/85-90 source mechanism
failure planes, representing en echelon
"twist hackle" fractures that form as
mode 1 dilation occurs.
Figure 5 shows event locations and amplitude displays for two wells in distinct
structural environments. Well D has a single source mechanism. Well C exhibits
more complex fracture growth (the zig-zag
lineament pattern seen in the map view
with orthogonal lineament directions),
as well as an observed second source
mechanism (60/87).
Microseismic events and amplitudes
also hold valuable information regarding
the quantity and size of fractures generated during treatment. An event/amplitude
ratio parameter was developed to represent
the ratio of event count to the average
event amplitude normalized to lateral
length. This ratio's applicability was discovered by its strong empirical relationship to the rate transient parameter
Sqrt(km)*Acm (or Arootk), which has been
found to have extensive applicability in
characterizing low-permeability reservoirs.
Defined as the product of the total matrix surface area draining into the productive fracture system and the square root of
matrix permeability, the Arootk parameter is computed per well and normalized
by lateral length. Interestingly, the crossplot of Arootk and event/amplitude ratio
created two distinct well populations with
nearly identical linear trends. The relationship observed within each trend is seen as
an increase in length-normalized Arootk
with an increase in the length-normalized
event/amplitude ratio (Figure 6A).
These two trends correspond to wells
located in varying structural environments (colored points on Figure 6B).
Wells with high Arootk versus event/amplitude are within relay ramp structures that
typically cross northwest-to-southeast

fault features. Low Arootk versus
event/amplitude wells are on the edge of
such features or within transfer zones with

dominant northeast-to-southwest regional attribute orientations.
The reason for the strong empirical re-

FIGURE 7A
Main Fracture Types from Core/FMI Analysis
Eagle Ford

Eagle Ford

Ptygmatic extension fractures,
various azimuth

Eagle Ford

Eagle Ford

En echelon
w/shear offset

Petal induced or
open NF

Bed bound regional and
orthogonol extension sets

Anacacho/AC

A) En echelon set
B) 60 degree dip w/shear
C) Extension E-W strike

FIGURE 7B
Fracture Orientations from Core/FMI Analysis
Seismic Line

Source: Three-D seismic data owned by Global Geophysical

SEPTEMBER 2015 65



American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2015

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