American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2015 - 72

SpecialReport: Reservoir Characterization
Small, 3-D structural models are constructed around each well to create depth
histograms of microseismic events measured in relation to a common stratigraphic boundary to assess how hydraulic fractures interact. Stage-to-stage analysis of the
histograms shows a systematic interference
phenomenon called ''stress shadowing,''
which causes closely spaced stages to interfere with one another, and to bounce
cyclically in and out of zone during multistage fracturing.
Given these observations, Hess has de-

veloped a conceptual stress shadowing
model for both single and multiple frac
stages. Two-dimensional fast Fourier
transform (FFT), coefficient correlation,
and quantile analyses applied to the histograms identify in-situ stress changes induced by the formation of closely spaced
fractures and how those changes influence
the propagation of subsequent fractures.

wells indicate stress shadowing exhibits
a 3-D behavior. To properly simulate the
propagation of multiple fractures for a
completion stage in a horizontal well, fracture models need to take into account the
interaction between adjacent hydraulic
fractures. We plan to apply 3-D stress
shadowing theory to our future completion
models to optimize stage spacing.
Our concept of stress shadowing's
impact on hydraulic fractures is represented schematically in Figure 1, based on microseismic analysis of a horizontal Utica
Shale well. As closely spaced hydraulic
fractures develop and interact during a frac
stage, stress begins accumulating in the target zone. The stress shadow created increases the minimum horizontal stress in
the zone, thereby gradually reducing the
stress contrast with the natural barriers that
contain the fractures.
As in-zone stress increases, additional fractures will grow preferentially upward and out of zone into the overburden
interval (or downward in cases with low
underburden stress contrast). As subsequent stages develop and stress accumulates in the area above (or below) the reservoir, fractures begin to reform in the target zone.
Following this pattern, in-zone and outof-zone fracturing occurs in a repetitive cycle throughout the multistage fracturing
process in response to localized stress
changes along the lateral. This leads to
cyclical variations in frac height for different stages along the wellbore, and predictable variations in productivity should

Impact Of Stress Shadowing

Microseismic data measured during
multistage hydraulic fracturing of Hess

FIGURE 1
Schematic Representation of Stress Shadowing in Lateral
With Closely Spaced Hydraulic Fractures (Utica Well A)
1 2

3 4

5

9 10 11
6

7

Stages in Sequence

8

Microseismic Event Histograms for Utical Well A

Cum 30 days
Cum 90
Cum 180
Cum 365

240,000

Cum Oil Production (bbl/s)

220,000
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0

FIGURE 2B
Bakken Production per Stage versus Stage Count
(After 30, 90, 180 and 365 Days)
Cum 30 days
Cum 90
Cum 180
Cum 365

11,000
Cum Oil Production per Stage (bbls/stage)

FIGURE 2A
Bakken Production per Well versus Stage Count
(After 30, 90, 180 and 365 Days)

10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000

1
0

5

10

15

20

25
30
Stage Count

35

40

45

50

0

5

10

15

20

25
30
Stage Count

35

40

45

50

Sources: Data from the North Dakota Industrial Commission's public database; graphs courtesy of Hess Corporation's Bakken team

72 THE AMERICAN OIL & GAS REPORTER



American Oil and Gas Reporter - September 2015

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