American Oil and Gas Reporter - December 2015 - 66

page 65-73_Layout 1 12/2/2015 11:34 AM Page 66

SpecialReport: Well Stimulation & Completion Technology
FIGURE 2

Cumulative Well MMcfe ->

Drainage Volume Estimates from RTA Modeling

275

325

375

425
Typical Curve

475
Well Spacing (ft)
h 200 ft

h 100 ft

525

575

625

675

h 75 ft

FIGURE 3
Eagle Ford Map Outlining Areas Prospective for Staggered
Downspacing (Left) and Lower Eagle Ford Type Log (Right)

660 feet (xf 330 feet, dashed gray line)
and 200-foot reservoir height results in
aa very unlikely fracture geometry, extremely small effective reservoir height,
or extremely small xf for either end member to be achieved. Determining what
case was most valid required further integrating geoscience and engineering
datasets.
Reservoir Characterization
An extensive reservoir characterization
program was conducted in the six-well
development area to quantify reservoir
heterogeneity and establish horizontal
landing (target) zones. Datasets collected
and analyzed included a full wireline log

66 THE AMERICAN OIL & GAS REPORTER

suite with a formation microimaging
(FMI) log; surface logging using C1-C8
mud gas chromatography, x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and source rock analysis
(SRA); rotary sidewall cores; unconventional core analysis; and petrographic
analysis with reflected light and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM).
The wireline log suite was calibrated
with core analysis, XRF and SRA datasets
to allow for calibrated porosities, fluid
saturations, total organic carbon/kerogen
content, and bulk mineralogy. The calibrated wireline data suggested fairly uniform volumetric distribution throughout
the Lower Eagle Ford, with average total
porosities ranging from 6 to 12 percent

and TOC of 4-7 weight percent. Total
volumetrics were computed at 120 billion-140 billion cubic feet per 640 acres
(0.6 Bcf/foot/640 acres).
Figure 3 shows a map of the Eagle
Ford trend outlining areas interpreted to
be prospective for staggered downspacing
and areas where operators are testing the
configuration (the red star denotes Talisman's development area). The type log
at right displays more than 200 feet of
Lower Eagle Ford in Talisman's operated
asset base, with the two horizontal target
(landing) zones identified.
Mineralogical variation within the
Lower Eagle Ford is significant, with
carbonate content in cuttings and core
samples ranging from 40 to 80 percent.
Overall computed mineralogical brittleness
(internal developed ratio of competent
minerals to noncompetent minerals) was
observed to decrease from the top to the
bottom of the section. This was most
consistent with the behavior of Young's
modulus computed from dipole sonic
logs.
Mechanical stratigraphy has been
demonstrated to have a major effect on
fracture initiation, growth and complexity
in the Eagle Ford. The continuum of various carbonate-rich lithologies (calcareous
mudstone, marlstone and chalk) along
with interbedded volcanic ash, creates a
complex geomechanical framework that
can be realized at several scales-from
centimeter laminations to more simplified
large mechanical units.
Investigating these relationships within
the study area involved acquiring and
pairing dipole sonic with FMI logs. The
main interpretation from this dataset was
that similar continuous zones of favorable
stress are present within the Lower Eagle
Ford section, establishing that hydraulic
fracture initiation can be achieved equally
well at various locations within the section
(i.e., upper and lower target zones), and
that the initiation zones are separated by
thicker continuous units of high stress.
The high-resolution dynamic FMI images identified smaller-scale and more
complex geomechanical features, with
more than 300 individual bed boundaries
quantified. These findings were incorporated into 3-D hydraulic fracture modeling
by creating upscaled, higher-resolution,
lithologic-dependent stress units. Several
modeling iterations confirmed effective
fracture initiation and propagation in both
the upper and lower target zones, with
vertical fracture growth limited by imposed



American Oil and Gas Reporter - December 2015

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American Oil and Gas Reporter - December 2015 - Cover1
American Oil and Gas Reporter - December 2015 - Cover2
American Oil and Gas Reporter - December 2015 - Contents
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