American Oil and Gas Reporter - PBIOS 2014 Official Program Guide - 160

FIGURE 1
Contour Map of PIPs

The outer-most rows of patterns in an
expansion area have an unequal response
to CO2 injection in the surrounding producers. Because the water curtain has generally been maintained at a higher pressure,
the external (boundary) producing wells
do not receive as much support from the
central injector as the producing wells on
the inside of the pattern. Indeed, at times
overinjection into the water curtain has
overrun the producers and a rebalancing
of injection in these areas has led to significant production responses.
Another source of asymmetry in the
pattern responses is the sizing of the
ESPs in the producing wells. When a new
expansion area is designed, most (if not all
producing wells) are inactive or unusable.
Unusable wells are redrilled and inactive
wells are worked over to get them ready
for production. As an operating practice,
all pay zones in producing wells are
opened (including any identified dominate
zones). When the pattern is put on injection, an attempt is made to estimate the size
of the ESP required, based on historical
production.
However, since the local reservoir
pressure has changed over time, as have
the intervals to be completed, the result is
that ESPs are undersized in some wells,
leading to a higher pump intake pressure,
while others are oversized, leading to a
lower PIP. In practice, this means there are
going to be variations in pressure gradients even in symmetrical patterns. Some
portions of the pattern will process more
quickly than others, and one or more wells
in the pattern may not receive any CO2
support at all.

Reservoir Surveillance
It cannot be overemphasized how important a program of detailed reservoir surveillance is to pressure and rate rebalancing. At a minimum, data collection should
include:
* Bottom-hole pressure data should be
measured in every producing well on at
least a daily basis. At SACROC, BHP data
are captured with a supervisory control and
data acquisition system and a downhole
gauge package on every ESP. Data are
recorded every 15 minutes and averaged

over the daily hours run time to obtain reported daily values.
* Accurate well tests, with oil, water
and gas rates, must be run on each producing well in the project area at least once,
and preferably twice, per month. Sufficient
testing capacity should exist so that follow
up and/or extended testing can be done
whenever an anomalous response is seen
without sacrificing the testing of other
wells.
* Accurate metering and daily reporting of injection rates, both CO2 and
water for patterns on water-alternating-gas
(WAG) injection, is needed. At SACROC,
the meters also are on the SACDA system
and rates and volumes are reported daily.
* Injection profile data for each fluid should be recorded at least once a year,
showing which zones are taking fluid and
in what percentages.
An active reservoir surveillance program will occasionally note that the response to CO2 injection in a particular pattern has occurred in only one or two of the
surrounding producing wells. At SACROC, this early response usually comes
with quite a bit of oil and is monitored
closely. Typical of a CO2 flood, the GORs
in these wells will begin to increase rapidly after peak oil response is observed.
The volumetric sweep efficiency at this
stage is typically very low because the CO2
has not only preferentially entered the
higher-permeability zones, but also has
only swept a small portion of the pattern
aerially.
GOR management is important at this
stage. Even though a well may be econom-

FIGURE 2
Computed Pressure Gradients Between Injector/Producer Pairs

160 THE AMERICAN OIL & GAS REPORTER



American Oil and Gas Reporter - PBIOS 2014 Official Program Guide

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of American Oil and Gas Reporter - PBIOS 2014 Official Program Guide

Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - PBIOS 2014 Official Program Guide - Cover1
American Oil and Gas Reporter - PBIOS 2014 Official Program Guide - Cover2
American Oil and Gas Reporter - PBIOS 2014 Official Program Guide - 3
American Oil and Gas Reporter - PBIOS 2014 Official Program Guide - Contents
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American Oil and Gas Reporter - PBIOS 2014 Official Program Guide - Cover3
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