Membership Directory & Resource Guide - 2018 - 28

weathering. Generally, this appears as 'faded', lighter-colored, or white areas across the surface.
If water is allowed to remain in an aggressive condition for an extended period of time, pigment can be partly or
completely leached up to 1/8" in depth leaving the surface color faded or white if the pigment is completely
removed. The resulting color loss is irreversible. The term "aggressive water" is considered to be water that is
chemically outside of established balanced ranges.2,3,12 Aggressive water is capable of removing, dissolving, or
otherwise reacting with components of the surface materials causing deterioration. 9,10,11 This would include water
4
that has low calcium hardness, low pH, low carbonateTECHNICAL
alkalinity, and/or a combination
of these.
BULLETIN
NO.4, 2018 * pg

3 of 3

DISSOLUTION OF CEMENT COMPOUNDS (PIGMENT LOSS)

Top View

Cross Section (Detailed)

Dissolution
of Cement
Compounds
(Pigment Loss)
Top View

Cross Section (Detailed)

c

EDS Hyper Map

EDS Hyper Map (Detailed)

Ca = Calcium Si = Silicon Al = Aluminum
EDS Hyper Map

EDS Hyper Map (Detailed)

Ca = Calcium Si = Silicon Al = Aluminum

REFERENCES
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Technical Bulletins

12.

th

National Plasterers Council, "Technical Manual", 8 Edition, 2016, Chapter 2 - Material Guidelines, pp. 5 - 8, 1000
N Rand Road, Suite 214, Wauconda, IL 60084, info@npconline.org
ANSI/APSP - 11, "American National Standards for Water Quality for Public Pools and Spas", Appendix A, Sections
A-1 to A-3, 2009. http://apsp.org/standards/international-swimming-pool-spa-code.aspx
ANSI/APSP - 5, "American National Standard for Residential Inground Swimming Pools", Appendix A, Sections A-1
to A-3, 2011.
th
National Plasterers Council, "Technical Manual", 8 Edition, 2016, Section 7.6.1.5 - Aggressive Water
Deterioration, p. 25, 1000 N Rand Road, Suite 214, Wauconda, IL 60084, info@npconline.org.
th
National Plasterers Council, "Technical Manual", 8 Edition, 2016, Section 7.6.1.6 - Leaching Deterioration, pp. 25 -
26, 1000 N Rand Road, Suite 214, Wauconda, IL 60084, info@npconline.org.
th
National Plasterers Council, "Technical Manual", 8 Edition, 2016, Section 7.6.1.1 - Aggressive Chemical Attack, p.
27, 1000 N Rand Road, Suite 214, Wauconda, IL 60084, info@npconline.org.
S. A. Rodgers, G.W. Groves, N.J. Clayden, and C. M. Dobson, "A Study of Tricalcium Silicate Hydration from Very
Early to Very Late Stages", Symposium Proceedings, Microstructural Development Driving Hydration, of Cements,
Materials Research Society, Vol. 85, pp. 21 - 31.
Sidney Diamond, "Cement Paste Microstructure in Concrete, Symposium Proceedings, Microstructural
Development Driving Hydration of Cements", Materials Research Society, Vol. 85, pp. 21 - 31.
Sidney Diamond, "Methodologies of PSD (pore size diameter) Measurements in HCP (hydrated cement paste):
Postulates, Peculiarities, and Problems", Materials Research Society, Symposium Proceedings, November 28-30,
1988, Pore Structure and Durability of Cementitious Materials, Volume 137, October 1989, pp 83 - 89.
ACI 201.2R-08, Guide to Durable Concrete, Section 6.5.2 Acid Attack Mechanisms, Section 6.5.3-Carbonation by
Contact with Water, American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Dr., Farmington Hills, Michigan, 48331,
www.concrete.org , p. 27.
A. Delagrave, B. Gerard, and J. Marchand, "Modelling the Calcium Leaching Mechanisms in Hydrated Cement
Pastes", Materials Research Society, Symposium Proceedings, November 27-30, 1995, Mechanisms of Chemical
Deterioration of Cement-Based Systems, Volume 144, October 1997, pp. 38 - 49.
th
The Association of Pool and Spa Professionals University, APSP Service Tech Manual, 4 Edition, V. 4.3, Unit 3:
Water Quality, Alexandria, Virginia, 2013.
Yue Li, Wei Guo, and Hong Li, "Method to Calculate Cement Content in Hardened Concrete Based on Theory of
Carbonation", ACI Materials Journal, April 2017, pp. 245 - 251.
National Plasterers Council, "Swimming Pool Start-up Procedures", 1000 N Rand Road, Suite 214, Wauconda, IL
60084, info@npconline.org.
National Plasterers Council, Technical Bulletin #3 - "Swimming Pool Interior Finishes & Chemical Etching
Deterioration", 1000 N Rand Road, Suite 214, Wauconda, IL 60084, info@npconline.org.
J. Thomas, H. Jennings, The Science of Concrete, Section 5.1, Overview of the Hydration Process, Fig. 5-3, "Typical
Development of the Degree of Hydration and Compressive Strength of a Type I Portland Cement Over Time",
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.

NPC MEMBERSHIP DIRECTORY & RESOURCE GUIDE 28
http://www.apsp.org/standards/international-swimming-pool-spa-code.aspx http://www.concrete.org
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