American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2016 - 84

JANUARY 2016
FIGURE 3

pre-existing fracture network. The time
window during the frac treatment images
the induced fractures and SRV.
Applying this method to a time interval
recorded while the well is producing provides a measure of the rock volume contributing to production: the APV. The remainder of this article will describe the
workflow and products generated during
these production time intervals.
APV And SRV

1,000 ft.

1,000 ft.

The stimulated reservoir volume for a well at left is shown alongside the active production volume at right. Map-view slices through the volumes at well depth are shown along
with a map-view slice of the natural fracture network at the horizontal well depth.

This can be a simple 1-D velocity model
derived from a sonic log or a 3-D velocity
model including anisotropy. The necessity
for complexity in the model will depend
on lateral velocity variations within the
volume of interest. Statics are computed
and applied. A volume of interest is
defined and divided into subvolumes
called voxels. A table of one-way travel
times is computed from every voxel to
every receiver.
The time and location of the ambient
seismic signals are unknown. In order to
image the signal, it is streamed through
the depth imaging algorithm that sequentially focuses each time step into every
voxel being imaged. The focusing for a
single time step-for a single voxel-
consists of time shifting each trace based
on the travel times from the voxel to
each receiver.
The images from each of the time
steps are stacked in order to produce a
depth volume for the total time window
of interest. This volume can be processed
further to generate wellbore activity vol84 THE AMERICAN OIL & GAS REPORTER

umes that show only activity in direct
contact with the wellbore, or detailed
fracture image volumes can be extracted
from the depth volume.
The method is applied to time windows
before, during and after well completion.
The length of the time window is based
on the imaging objective. The time window
before well completion images the natural,

Most production monitoring is recorded
with a permanent, shallow buried array.
This allows for repeated observations
throughout the lifetime of the reservoir.
For each observation interval, several
hours of field data are recorded and
processed. A minimum of three hours of
high-quality data are required for a stable,
stacked depth volume. This volume is
further processed to map the volumewide
natural fracture network.
APVs for all wells under the array are
extracted from this volume also. While
there are high-activity locations throughout
the volume, only those with connectivity
to the wellbore contribute to the producing
volume.
Figure 2 shows the fully populated
volume, the volume clamped to remove
the low-activity background, and an APV.
The SRV is generated by measuring
activity during the hydrofracture stimulation. We generate the SRV with the
same workflow used to generate APV. It
is expected that once stimulation is com-

FIGURE 4
SRV

APV-2 years

APV-3 years

SRV

APV-2 years

APV-3 years

1,000 ft.

1,000 ft.

This SRV and two APVs were generated after two and three years of production. Mapview slices through the volumes at wellbore depth are shown at left. At right are profile
views of the same three volumes sliced along the wellbore. Warm colors show high levels
of activity and cool colors show lower activity levels.



American Oil and Gas Reporter - January 2016

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