American Oil and Gas Reporter - August 2016 - 60

SpecialReport: Hydraulic Fracturing Technology
result in reduced frac pump rates, which increase the risk of a premature frac screen-out. A screen-out leaves the borehole filled with
Delivering consistent water quality and volumes as per the frac
sand, temporarily shutting down the well until it can be cleaned out.
design are key to the successful completion of a frac job. Any
Blending source water with fresh or brackish water with lowchanges in water quality, volumes, or rates during the stimulation
er
chloride
content is a simple and cost-effective solution to wajob may lead to screen-outs or unpredictable stimulation results.
ter quality and consistency isOperators must match the
"Operators are seeking to minimize HS&E
sues. Blending combines multicharacteristics of the source waexposures by having fewer trucks on the road,
ple water sources to produce a
ter with the frac treatments used.
reducing water transfer route distances, and
water matched to the required
Produced water reflects reservoir
lowering the consumption of freshwater. Techfrac quality level. Optimally,
nological
solutions
in
water
treating,
transfer
geology, which in some cases,
and
storage
give
the
industry
the
tools
it
needs
blending must be done in real
means the water is incompatible
to cost-effectively deliver energy resources
time during the frac job to ensure
with a frac treatment. Slickwater
with minimal environmental impact."
consistency is maintained during
fracs are more tolerant to prothe entire frac operation.
duced water, but using produced
Controlled
automated
blending
technology was developed to
water can limit the effectiveness of other frac treatment designs.
provide on-the-fly, real-time measurements of input and output waThe industry trend toward longer lateral lengths translates to greater
ter quality. The technology continually measures output quality
friction loss along the lateral and higher pressures pushing the frac
as well as the quality of the input water stream (i.e., conductividown to the horizontal section. Friction reducers are crucial for makty related to chloride content), making adjustments in real time to
ing the water "slick" and reducing the pressure losses. Variations in
match the job requirements. Automated blending and sampling/meawater consistency can negatively impact the performance of friction
reducers, resulting in increased pressures. These pressure increases
surement can happen in real time at rates of up to 110 bbl/minute.
Ensuring Quality

60 THE AMERICAN OIL & GAS REPORTER



American Oil and Gas Reporter - August 2016

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of American Oil and Gas Reporter - August 2016

Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - August 2016 - Cover1
American Oil and Gas Reporter - August 2016 - Cover2
American Oil and Gas Reporter - August 2016 - 3
American Oil and Gas Reporter - August 2016 - 4
American Oil and Gas Reporter - August 2016 - Contents
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American Oil and Gas Reporter - August 2016 - Cover3
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