American Oil and Gas Reporter - February 2015 - 72

In comparison, downhole imaging is
more algorithmically complex and computationally intensive than P&S picking,
and P&S picking expertise in processing
does not readily extend to imaging. However, downhole imaging generally locates
more true positives than does P&S picking
(increases accuracy) while removing operator/analyst bias. Since imaging involves
less reliance on interpreter bias, it can
offer a more complete and reliable realtime solution.
Additional points for consideration
include:
* Imaging provides the ability to perform automated full-waveform-based migrations, which in turn, generates thousands of true positive events, extending
the imaging from the full stimulation
zone of interest to a larger subsurface
volume.
* Editing the raw event point set to
final point set status is accomplished
using sophisticated workflows that use a
rich set of migration-based event catalog
attributes and multivariate machine learning algorithms.
* The full waveform-based downhole
imaging method utilizes diffraction stacking, which improves signal-to-noise ratios
by combining (stacking) the geophones
in the array, helping to overcome P&S
picking's susceptibility to weak arrivals.
Stacking increases event detectability as
well as signal-to-noise ratios.
* There is no 180-degree ambiguity
in placing event locations from the monitoring array, since event radiation pattern
is taken into account.

FIGURE 5
Surface Imaged Point Set for Permian Basin Case Study
(Left = Map View; Right = Depth View Looking East)

FIGURE 6
Vertically Stacked Permian Formations with Zones
Of Microseismic Coverage Indicating Good Reservoir Access
And Gaps for Further Development
500

12,000
0

11,000

9,000
8,000
-500

7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000

-1,000

3,000
2,000
1,000
0

-1,500

-2,000
-400 -200
0
200
400
Perpendicular Distance from Stage Center (feet)

72 THE AMERICAN OIL & GAS REPORTER

Propped Fracture Volume

Vertical Distance from Stage Center (feet)

10,000

Permian Basin Case Study
A downhole imaging case study from
the Permian Basin illustrates the improved
imaging capability. Figure 4 displays the
rich downhole imaged point set surrounding the monitoring borehole, showing
good zonal control and excellent event
count. Since the imaging utilizes both Pand S-wave energy, but does not depend
on separating P- and S-wave arrivals in
time (as does P&S picking), the imaging
point set contains valid events close to
the monitoring borehole.
The point set extends approximately
3,000 feet from the monitoring borehole.
Events from beyond this threshold possess
unacceptable uncertainty and are not
passed through the imaging and event
editing workflow. In Figure 5, the surface-acquired imaging point set is slightly
less rich, but the imaging extends underneath the entire footprint of the surface
array with acceptable uncertainty throughout (the point set extends across the entire
well because of the larger surface-array
footprint).



American Oil and Gas Reporter - February 2015

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of American Oil and Gas Reporter - February 2015

Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - February 2015 - Cover1
American Oil and Gas Reporter - February 2015 - Cover2
American Oil and Gas Reporter - February 2015 - Contents
American Oil and Gas Reporter - February 2015 - 4
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