American Oil and Gas Reporter - July 2015 - 80

FIGURE 2

~1,100ft

Time-Variant Trace Amplitude Slice View

FIGURE 3
Out-of-Zone Microseismic Clusters Produced
During Single Well 6 Treatment Stage
-4,800

-5,200

-5,600

-6,000

-6,400

-6,800

206,000

80 THE AMERICAN OIL & GAS REPORTER

graphic and structural context of microseismic distribution. Figure 1 shows the
locations of six laterals. Structure on the
top of the Onondaga Limestone is shown
along with a depth-converted amplitude
display. The approximate locations of
reflection events associated with the Tully,
Marcellus and Onondaga are noted.
The depth-converted amplitude display
shows a small southeast-vergent fold
developed over a steep northwest-dipping
reverse fault. Offset across the fault is
about 250 feet. Relief on the forelimb is
approximately 60 feet over a distance
of 1,000 feet, with a similar drop on the
back limb over a distance of about 1,600
feet with dips generally less than five
degrees across the fold. Dips on the
footwall syncline are also less than five
degrees measured over a distance of
2,800 feet.
The wells were laid out in two sets of
three wells. They were drilled roughly
normal to the strike of underlying structures observed in the 3-D seismic, with
three wells landing in the Marcellus Shale
on the hanging wall northwest of the reverse fault and the remaining three wells
landing in the shale section on the footwall
block to the southeast. Hydraulic fracture
treatments were conducted in a zipper
frac pattern beginning with the high-side
wells (wells 4, 5 and 6) to the northwest.
The time-variant trace amplitude slice
view shown in Figure 2 provides a higher-resolution view of the Marcellus and
overlying strata, revealing subtle deformation not observed in the regular
amplitude display. The disharmony in
structural relief between the interpreted
Sonyea and sub-Elk reflecting events
suggests some of the shortening over
the faulted Onondaga is taken up along
numerous minor faults in that interval.
Significant out-of-zone seismicity was
observed in this interval, with the outof-zone clusters produced by the single
treatment stage along well 6. The moment magnitude of events is displayed
in color and extends from about -2.8
(blue) to -1.6 (red).
Hydraulic fracture treatments were
initiated in the first stage of well 4. Very
few events were induced in response to
this treatment, and the energy release
from that stage was limited to 231 joules.
Following this, the first stage of well 6
was stimulated. Treatment of this single
stage resulted in a cumulative energy release of 22,818 joules, entirely through
out-of-zone events at distances stretching
from 1.0 to 1.5 kilometers from the point
of stimulation (D1 and D2, respectively,
in Figure 3). These events are located
high above the back limb of the hanging
wall anticline.



American Oil and Gas Reporter - July 2015

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