American Oil and Gas Reporter - June 2014 - 57
south). This loaded the eastern part of the Adriatic, developing
an Oligo-Miocene foredeep that captured the first sediments from
the Po Valley. Subsequently in the Pliocene, the east-verging Apulian thrusting to the west formed a similar foredeep in the northwest, which has captured the more recent deposits of the Po, providing the reservoirs for the northern, shallow clastic gas play.
A clear and easily mapped unconformity (the Messinian Unconformity) separates the Oligo-Miocene sequence from the PlioPleistocene. There is truncation in places at this unconformity,
generated by halokinetic structuration. The Messinian unconformity appears often in wells below a thin anhydrite layer that likely was deposited during the post-Messinian marine transgression.
Halokinesis continued during the Tertiary, creating diapir traps
for turbidite and delta top sediments during the Plio-Pleistocene.
Figure 3 shows a simplified model for the structural development of the Adriatic Basin in four stages, illustrating the main
hydrocarbon play concepts: Mesozoic carbonate platforms (1),
Oligo-Miocene foredeep clastics (2), late Miocene Dinaric
thrusting and halokinesis (3), and Plio-Pleistocene clastic delta
loading and late charge (4).
Hydrocarbon Play Systems
In addition to the newly acquired 2-D seismic data, new gravity and magnetic data, and the adjacent rock outcrop "laboratory"
onshore Italy and in the Croatian Dalmatian Islands and Dinaride
thrust belt, Croatian authorities have taken great pains to make all
of the exploration well data from every well offshore Croatia available for the ongoing license round. In addition to providing the velocity data that allow well stratigraphy to be tied to seismic, this
also is key for facies and lithology evaluation across the basin. Well
data, outcrop data and high-quality seismic data allow the key risk
elements in hydrocarbon play analysis to be addressed.
A key exploration risk element that can be significantly constrained and reduced for plays in this basin is the distribution and
maturity history of the Triassic source rock offshore Croatia. The
long record length of the regional 2-D seismic allows deep Triassic reflector(s) to be imaged to map the distribution and burial depth of Late Triassic source rock. These reflectors are the first
acoustic impedance contrasts below the largely homogeneous
lithology of the Mesozoic platform carbonates, and may indeed
represent low-velocity, mature source rock reflectors. Layer cake
depth conversion, prestack depth migration and well data confirm that the Triassic has been buried to depths between five and
seven kilometers over much of the Croatian offshore.
In many basins, the deep burial of the source rock might be
a significant problem, leading to an overmature, depleted source.
However, in the Adriatic, the relatively low geothermal gradient
recorded in offshore wells (18-22 degrees Celsius per kilometer)
drilled in the Croatian Adriatic indicate that the Triassic source
rocks are likely to still be within the oil and gas generation windows. Mapping the individual source basins and carefully reconstructing the seismic data reveal numerous deep, pre-Messinian
structures and traps that could have captured early charge
sealed by thick Plio-Pleistocene deltaic mudstones.
The 2-D seismic confirms regional gravity data (Figure 4) indicating the presence of three basins offshore Croatia: northern, central and southern. Each basin has distinct characteristics and hydrocarbon play types. These can be seen on the northwest-to-southeast
trending strike line running centrally down the Adriatic (Figure 5).
FIGURE 4
Bouguer Gravity and Basins Map
New Level Of Detail
The clear imaging of the new seismic dataset details events
and sequences down to 8.0 seconds of two-way travel (TWT) time,
providing a level of detail previously not seen, and leading to a
better understanding of Mesozoic/Cenozoic basin histories and
tectonic controls on prospectivity.
FIGURE 5
Central and Southern Basin Strike Line
Free air gravity anomaly dataset, centered on the Adriatic Sea
Hydrocarbon discoveries colored black. Source: IHS Energy
JUNE 2014 57
American Oil and Gas Reporter - June 2014
Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of American Oil and Gas Reporter - June 2014
Contents
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